Thyroid
The thyroid gland is one of the most important endocrine glands of the human organism and even its most minor disorder causes a series of problems. It is the gland that is situated in the area that is called “Adam’s apple” in layman’s terms. Its shape resembles that of a butterfly and there are two lobes to be discerned (the left and the right lobe).
The thyroid gland produces hormones, which are transported by the blood and affect the function of many of the body’s organs. A disorder in the hormones destabilises the metabolism of our cells, with adverse consequences for the function of the heart, the blood circulation, bowel function, skeletal development, brain function, the cycle and fertility of a woman etc.
A thyroid check can be done with a combination of blood tests (measuring of the T3, T4 and TSH hormones) and imaging procedures (thyroid ultrasound and scintigraphy).
Both types of examinations are required, as on the one hand we derive information regarding the functioning of the gland from the blood tests, while from the necessary imaging procedures the morphology of the thyroid gland can be discerned. Many patients, for instance, having already had a series of normal hormonal blood tests, undergo an ultrasound for the first time, which– to their astonishment – reveals a significant damage.
The thyroid gland may present morphological and/or functional disorders. Anatomically, it may develop benign or malignant nodules, while functionally it may become overactive or underactive (hyperthyroidism / hypothyroidism).
Modern medical treatment options include medication, radioactive iodine, and definitive surgical intervention, depending on the individual case.
The function of the thyroid gland can be fully replaced with daily thyroxine (T4) supplementation, a treatment available for several decades.
Patients who have undergone thyroid removal can live an entirely normal life in every aspect. Proper regulation of the metabolism through hormone replacement—taken as a pill or liquid—ensures that the body functions as if the thyroid were still present.
If you have concerns about your thyroid function or imaging findings, a specialized endocrine evaluation can provide clarity and guide the most appropriate treatment approach. Dr. Evangelos Karvounis, MD, PhD, FACS—Director of Endocrine Surgery at Euroclinic Athens—provides specialized, patient-centered care using advanced microsurgical techniques. Appointments are available for accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment planning.